Is International Law a Process Or Can It Be Regarded As Rules - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1536 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Did you like this example? In Problems and Process, Higgins tries to show that there is an unavoidable choice to be made between the perception of international law as a system of neutral rules, and international law as a system of decision-making directed towards the attainment of certain declared values.[1] She begins her article by stating her opinion that international law is not rules but a normative system.[2] In the first part of her arguments, she disagrees with the view that international law is a body of rules that failed to restrain states, and therefore not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"real lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ at all.[3] She defines international law as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a continuing process of authoritative decisionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the entire decision-making process, and not just the reference to the trend of past decisions which are termed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in another article.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] She quotes Sir Hersch Lauterpacht that judge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹ Å"makes choicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ especially in claims which have varying degrees of legal merits.[5] She identifies that some would argued international law as a set of rules because it will become confused with other phenomena such as power or social or humanitarian factors and it can avoid the manifestation of international legal arguments for political ends.[6] In discussing the first factor, Higgins argues that the authority which characterises law exists not in vacuum but exactly where it intersects with power.[7] For the second factor, she argues against the classic statement provided by Judge Fitzmaurice and Spender stated à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“other considerations such as social, humanitarian and other cannot be allowed to be considered in reaching a conclusion.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [8] She mentions that refusal to acknowledge political or social factors cannot keep law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"neutralà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as even such refusal is not without political and social consequence.[9] S he believes that policy factors are dealt with systematically and openly.[10] She cites the example of President Reagan engagements in military interventions designed to remove totalitarian rulers, where it is acted in the interests of international order and justice.[11] Those who supported this very much emphasised on the social purposes of international in deciding its lawfulness.[12] Accordingly, over and above the debate on whether international law is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rulesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, she associates rules with legal positivists. Austin explaining positivists as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Every positive law, is set by a sovereign individual or individuals, to a person or persons in a state of subjection to its authority.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [13][14] In pairing positivism to international law where command and sovereignty are notably lacking, Kelsen introduced the existence of groundnorm- the highest fundamental norm from which all others deri ved their binding force.[15][16] According to her, international law characterised as critical legal studies that is more common with policy science.[17] Critical-studies scholar will see law as contradictions or indeterminate at its core whereas policy scientists believe in law as competing norms where choices have to be made in particular circumstances.[18] The critical realist approach leads to conclusion that international law can only point out the problems but not assists in the achievement of goals. Higgins disagrees with the grounds put forward by Koskenniemi to preclude the possibility of making choices among contradictions.[19] The first ground is contextual justice requires venturing into politics, social and economic casuistry at which legal arguments must stop to remain legal.[20] Higgins argues that to remain legal is to ensure authorised person made the decision, based on past decisions and with available choices being made based on community interests and for the promotion of common values.[21] Koskenniemi argued in second reason that liberalism presuppose that some rights should prevail over others.[22] Higgins rebutted this by stating that choice making should be proposed as policy-science approach.[23] This predicate certain views or assumptions as to what is desirable should prevail over others.[24] In her analysis, positivism and rules lead to distinction between lex lata and lex ferenda à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the law as it is and the law as it might be.[25] She rebuts the rule-based lawyer arguments that choice making should be classified as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"law as it ought to beà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ contrasting with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"law as it isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, stating this distinction is a false dichotomy.[26] Where there are no specific rules of international law, rule-based lawyer views that international law has no say whereas those who view international as process, it can be solved through tools of authoritative decision-making.[27] In supporting her stand that international law is a process, she points out that both capitalist and socialist countries agreed that international law is a system even though there are different views in regarding to its nature.[28] In recent years, there is more emphasis on international law as the articulation of universal interest especially since the changes in political views of former Soviet Union.[29] She went further to discuss the implication of international law on third world and developing countries.[30] She observes that individual norms have been challenge as inequitable to these countries, and not all international law obligation incumbent upon the parent state are applicable on them.[31] This pointed out that while there are debates on the substance of international law, the universality has not been challenge.[32] Higgins goes further to discuss what is it that makes states regard international law as binding to be an effective law, not rules.[33] Both positiv ist and non-positivists want either an effective sanction or existence of sense of obligation that the norms are binding.[34] She quotes the recent writing of Koskenniemi that natural obligations of justice are essentially what is necessary for subsistence and self preservation.[35] She argues that both Western and Socialist scholar had agreed that the key to binding is stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent.[36] Koskennimi stated that states consent is merely an agreement by them that their behaviour will be regarded as normative, which is not a law.[37] Fitzmaurice opined that the basis of obligation must lay in something anterior to international law itself.[38] In her reply to these criticisms, she regards these as faulty perspective of law as international law is not the vindication of authority over power, instead law must be based on authority as well as power.[39] Higgins argues that the basis of obligation in international law has now moved from consent to consensus.[40] State s now regard themselves bound by norms which they have not given their express consent because they perceive a reciprocal advantage in cautioning self-restrain.[41] In her opinion, the terming of this basis as apologist does not render the normative system of decision-making into something other than law.[42] Concerning the absence of effective sanction to predicate the existence of norms of international law, she points out that based on her findings of different views on basis of obligations, they all excluded imposed obligation by the enforcement of sanctions.[43] In conclusion, international law should be regarded as a normative system. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is International Law a Process Or Can It Be Regarded As Rules" essay for you Create order Bibliography Books Higgins R, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) Koskenniemi M, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (1st edn, CUP, 2006) Austin J, Lectures on Jurisprudence on the Philosophy of Positive Law (5th edn, 1954) Journal Articles G.G Fitzmaurice, The Foundations of the Authority of International Law and The Problem of Enforcement [1956] MLR R Higgins, Integration of Authority and Control: Trends in the Literature of International Law and International Relations [1976] N.S Kinsella, Book Review of Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1994), Reason Papers No. 20 [1995] R Higgins, Policy Considerations and the International Judicial Process [1968] ICLQ H Lauterpacht, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Development of International Law by the International Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1958] Table of Cases South West Africa Cases (1966) IC J 6 [1] N.S Kinsella, Book Review of Rosalyn Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1994), Reason Papers No. 20 [1995] 147, 148 [2] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 1 [3] ibit 2 [4] R Higgins, Policy Considerations and the International Judicial Process [1968] ICLQ 58, 59 [5] H Lauterpacht, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Development of International Law by the International Courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ [1958] 399 [6] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 3 [7] ibit 4 [8] South West Africa Cases (1966) ICJ 6 [9] R Higgins, Integration of Authority and Control: Trends in the Literature of International Law and International Relations [1976] 85 [10] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 5 [11] ibit 6 [12] ibit [13] R Higgins, Problems and Process: Internatio nal Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 8 [14] J Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence on the Philosophy of Positive Law (5th edn, 1954) 34 [15] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 8 [16] ibit [17] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 9 [18] ibit [19] ibit [20] ibit [21] ibit [22] ibit [23] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 10 [24] ibit [25] Ibit [26] ibit [27] ibit [28] ibit [29] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 11 [30] ibit 12 [31] ibit [32] ibit [33] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 13 [34] ibit [35] M Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (1st, CUP, 2006 ) 70 [36] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 15 [37] ibit [38] G.G Fitzmaurice, The Foundations of The Authority of International Law and The Problem of Enforcement [1956] MLR, 19 [39] R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It (1st edn, OUP, Oxford 1994) 15 [40] ibit 16 [41] ibit [42] ibit [43] ibit

Asian Food - 2136 Words

Asian Food By: xxx Thailand: Thailand is grouped with Southeast Asia cuisines. Thai food is usually prepared stir-fried, steamed, or grilled over charcoal, however, ultimately the wok dominates the kitchen. Thai food has been described to have the consistency of Chinese food, the spiciness of Mexican food, the lusciousness of Polynesian and the extract flavors of none of the above. The original home of the Tai tribes existed in the mountain valleys of southwestern China, and when these tribes emigrated to their present home of Thailand, the abundance of tropical plants, game, fish and spices shaped their cuisine culture. Specific dynasties dedicated a large effort toward good food. Dynasties would hold cooking contest amongst†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, the west is the hot, spicy, and distinctively seasoned food. The area outlined by mountains was segregated from the rest of the Chinese. Their food became more distinguished and the bordering Indian Buddhist missionaries introduced spices and herbs. Common cuisine foods include peppercorn, garlic, green onions, ginger, dried tangerine, rice, millet, sugar, potatoes, freshwater fish carp, nuts, and cashews. The Chinese regard food very highly and all men take pride in the art of cooking. Except in France, no where in the world has cooking reached such heights of perfection. The Chinese commonly only eat a morning and evening meal. As a rule, there is no dessert except for special occasions. On the table, the dishes appear in order as cooked. In fact, soup will arrive in the middle or towards the end of the meal to wash down the rice. The rice is in a separate bowl and is eaten throughout the meal. Failure to eat all the rice is wasteful and an insult to the cook. During a Chinese banquet, the rice is served at the end as a nice gesture. 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Streams of Silver 23. The Broken Helm Free Essays

string(65) " of the small room, then turned back to the fight in the cavern\." Air rolled across its black wings like the continuous rumble of distant thunder as the dragon swept out of the passageway and into Garumn’s Gorge, using the same exit that Drizzt and Entreri had passed just a few moments before. The two, a few dozen yards higher on the wall, held perfectly still, not even daring to breathe. They knew that the dark lord of Mithril Hall had come. We will write a custom essay sample on Streams of Silver 23. The Broken Helm or any similar topic only for you Order Now The black cloud that was Shimmergloom rushed by them, unnoticing, and soared down the length of the chasm. Drizzt, in the lead, scrambled up the side of the gorge, clawing at the stone to find whatever holds he could and trusting to them fully in his desperation. He had heard the sounds of battle far above him when he first entered the chasm, and knew that even if his friends had been victorious thus far, they would soon be met by a foe mightier than anything they had ever faced. Drizzt was determined to stand beside them. Entreri matched the drow’s pace, wanting to keep close to him, though he hadn’t yet formulated his exact plan of action. Wulfgar and Catti-brie supported each other as they walked. Regis kept beside Bruenor, concerned for the dwarf’s wounds, even if the dwarf was not. â€Å"Keep yer worries for yer own hide, Rumblebelly,† he kept snapping at the halfling, though Regis could see that the depth of Bruenor’s gruffness had diminished. The dwarf seemed somewhat embarrassed for the way he had acted earlier. â€Å"Me wounds’ll heal; don’t ye be thinking ye’ve gotten rid of me so easy! There’ll be time for looking to them once we’ve put this place behind us.† Regis had stopped walking, a puzzled expression on his face. Bruenor looked back at him, confused, too, and wondered if he had somehow offended the halfling again. Wulfgar and Catti-brie stopped behind Regis and waited for some indication of the trouble, not knowing what had been said between him and the dwarf. â€Å"What’s yer grief?† Bruenor demanded. Regis was not bothered by anything Bruenor had said, nor with the dwarf at all at that moment. It was Shimmergloom that he had sensed, a sudden coldness that had entered the cavern, a foulness that insulted the companions’ caring bond with its mere presence. Bruenor was about to speak again, when he, too, felt the coming of the dragon of darkness. He looked to the gorge just as the tip of the black cloud broke the chasm’s rim, far down to the left beyond the bridge, but speeding toward them. Catti-brie steered Wulfgar to the side, then he was pulling her with all his speed. Regis scurried back toward the anteroom. Bruenor remembered. The dragon of darkness, the ultimately foul monster that had decimated his kin and sent them fleeing for the smaller corridors of the upper level. His mithril axe raised, his feet frozen to the stone below them, he waited. The blackness dipped under the arch of the stone bridge, then rose to the ledge. Spearlike talons gripped the rim of the gorge, and Shimmergloom reared up before Bruenor in all its horrid splendor, the usurping worm facing the rightful King of Mithril Hall. â€Å"Bruenor!† Regis cried, drawing his little mace and turning back to the cavern, knowing that the best he could do would be to die beside his doomed friend. Wulfgar threw Catti-brie behind him and spun back on the dragon. The worm, eyes locked with the dwarf’s unyielding stare, did not even notice Aegis-fang spinning toward it, nor the fearless charge of the huge barbarian. The mighty warhammer struck home against the raven black scales, but was harmlessly turned away. Infuriated that someone had interrupted the moment of its victory, Shimmergloom snapped its glare at Wulfgar. And it breathed. Absolute blackness enveloped Wulfgar and sapped the strength from his bones. He felt himself falling, forever falling, though there seemed to be no stone to catch him. Catti-brie screamed and rushed to him, oblivious to her own danger as she plunged into the black cloud of Shimmergloom’s breath. Bruenor trembled in outrage, for his long-dead kin and for his friend. â€Å"Get yerself from me home!† he roared at Shimmergloom, then charged head-on and dove into the dragon, his axe flailing wildly, trying to drive the beast over the edge. The mithril weapon’s razored edge had more effect on the scales than the warhammer, but the dragon fought back. A heavy foot knocked Bruenor back to the ground, and before he could rise, the whiplike neck snapped down upon him and he was lifted in the dragon’s maw. Regis fell back again, shaking with fear. â€Å"Bruenor!† he cried again, this time his words coming out as no more than a whisper. The black cloud dissipated around Catti-brie and Wulfgar, but the barbarian had taken the full force of Shimmergloom’s insidious venom. He wanted to flee, even if the only route of escape meant plunging headlong over the side of the gorge. The shadow hounds’ baying, though it was still many minutes behind them, closed in upon him. All of his wounds, the crushing of the golem, the nicks the gray dwarves had put into him, hurt him vividly, making him flinch with every step, though his adrenaline of battle had many times before dismissed far more serious and painful injuries. The dragon seemed ten times mightier to Wulfgar, and he couldn’t even have brought himself to raise a weapon against it, for he believed in his heart that Shinmergloom could not be defeated. Despair had stopped him where fire and steel had not. He stumbled back with Catti-brie toward another room, having no strength to resist her pull. Bruenor felt his breath blasted out, as the terrible maw crunched into him. He stubbornly held onto the axe, and even managed a swing or two. Catti-brie pushed Wulfgar through the doorway and into the shelter of the small room, then turned back to the fight in the cavern. You read "Streams of Silver 23. The Broken Helm" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"Ye bastard son of a demon lizard!† she spat, as she set Taulmaril into motion. Silver-streaking arrows blasted holes into Shimmergloom’s black armor. When Catti-brie understood the measure of the effectiveness of her weapon, she grasped at a desperate plan. Aiming her next shots at the monster’s feet, she sought to drive it from the ledge. Shimmergloom hopped in pain and confusion as the stinging bolts whistled in. The seething hatred of the dragon’s narrowed eyes bore down upon the brave young woman. It spat Bruenor’s broken form across the floor and roared, â€Å"Know fear, foolish girl! Taste of my breath and know you are doomed!† The black lungs expanded, perverting the intaken air into the foul cloud of despair. Then the stone at the edge of the gorge broke away. * * * Little joy came to Regis when the dragon fell. He managed to drag Bruenor back into the anteroom, but had no idea of what to do next. Behind him, the relentless pursuit of the shadow hounds drew closer, he was separated from Wulfgar and Catti-brie, and he didn’t dare cross the cavern without knowing if the dragon was truly gone. He looked down at the battered and blood-covered form of his oldest friend, having not the slightest notion of how he might begin to help him, or even if Bruenor was still alive. Only surprise delayed Regis’s immediate squeals of joy when Bruenor opened his gray eyes and winked. * * * Drizzt and Entreri flattened themselves against the wall as the rockslide from the broken ledge tumbled dangerously close. It was over in a moment and Drizzt started up at once, desperate to get to his friends. He had to stop again, though, and wait nervously as the black form of the dragon dropped past him, then recovered quickly and moved back up toward the rim. â€Å"How?† Regis asked, gawking at the dwarf. Bruenor shifted uncomfortably and struggled to his feet. The mithril mail had held against the dragon’s bite, though Bruenor had been squeezed terribly and bore rows of deep bruises, and probably a host of broken ribs, for the experience. The tough dwarf was still very much alive and alert, though, dismissing his considerable pain for the more important matter before him – the safety of his friends. â€Å"Where’s the boy, and Catti-brie?† he pressed immediately, the background howls of the shadow hounds accentuating the desperation of his tone. â€Å"Another room,† Regis answered, indicating the area to the right beyond the door to the cavern. â€Å"Cat!† Bruenor shouted. â€Å"How do ye fare?† After a stunned pause, for Catti-brie, too, had not expected to hear Bruenor’s voice again, she called back, â€Å"Wulfgar’s gone for the fight, I fear! A dragon’s spell, for all I can make it! But for meself, I’m for leaving! The dogs’ll be here sooner than I like!† â€Å"Aye!† agreed Bruenor, clutching at a twinge of pain in his side when he yelled. â€Å"But have ye seen the worm?† â€Å"No, nor heared the beast!† came the uncertain reply. Bruenor looked to Regis. â€Å"It fell, and has been gone since,† the halfling answered the questioning stare, equally unconvinced that Shimmergloom had been defeated so easily. â€Å"Not a choice to us, then!† Bruenor called out. â€Å"We’re to make the bridge! Can ye bring the boy?† â€Å"It’s his heart for fightin’ that’s been bruised, no more!† replied Catti-brie. â€Å"We’ll be along!† Bruenor clasped Regis’s shoulder, lending support to his nervous friend. â€Å"Let’s be going, then!† he roared in his familiar voice of confidence. Regis smiled in spite of his dread at the sight of the old Bruenor again. Without further coaxing, he walked beside the dwarf out of the room. Even as they took the first step toward the gorge, the black cloud that was Shimmergloom again crested the rim. â€Å"Ye see it?† cried Catti-brie. Bruenor fell back into the room, viewing the dragon all too clearly. Doom closed in all around him, insistent and inescapable. Despair denied his determination, not for himself, for he knew that he had followed the logical course of his fate in coming back to Mithril Hall – a destiny that had been engraved upon the fabric of his very being from the day his kin had been slaughtered – but his friends should not perish this way. Not the halfling, who always before could find an escape from every trap. Not the boy, with so many glorious adventures left before him upon his road. And not his girl, Catti-brie, his own beloved daughter. The only light that had truly shone in the mines of Clan Battlehammer in Icewind Dale. The fall of the drow alone, willing companion and dearest friend, had been too high a price for his selfish daring. The loss that faced him now was simply too much for him to bear. His eyes darted around the small room. There had to be an option. If ever he had been faithful to the gods of the dwarves, he asked them now to grant him this one thing. Give him an option. There was a small curtain against one of the room’s walls. Bruenor looked curiously at Regis. The halfling shrugged. â€Å"A storage area,† he said. â€Å"Nothing of value. Not even a weapon.† Bruenor wouldn’t accept the answer. He dashed through the curtain and started tearing through the crates and sacks that lay within. Dried food. Pieces of wood. An extra cloak. A skin of water. A keg of oil. * * * Shimmergloom swooped back and forth along the length of the gorge, waiting to meet the intruders on its own terms in the open cavern and confident that the shadow hounds would flush them out. Drizzt had nearly reached the level of the dragon, pressing on in the face of peril with no other concerns than those he felt for his friends. â€Å"Hold!† Entreri called to him from a short distance below. â€Å"Are you so determined to get yourself killed?† â€Å"Damn the dragon!† Drizzt hissed back. â€Å"I’ll not cower in the shadows and watch my friends be destroyed.† â€Å"There is value in dying with them?† came the sarcastic reply. â€Å"You are a fool, drow. Your worth outweighs that of all your pitiful friends!† â€Å"Pitiful?† Drizzt echoed incredulously. â€Å"It is you that I pity, assassin.† The drow’s disapproval stung Entreri more than he would have expected. â€Å"Then pity yourself!† he shot back angrily. â€Å"For you are more akin to me than you care to believe!† â€Å"If I do not go to them, your words will hold the truth,† Drizzt continued, more calmly now. â€Å"For then my life will be of no value, less even than your own! Beyond my embrace of the heartless emptiness that rules your world, my entire life would then be no more than a lie.† He started up again, fully expecting to die, but secure in his realization that he was indeed very different from the murderer that followed him. Secure, too, in the knowledge that he had escaped his own heritage. * * * Bruenor came back through the curtain, a wild smirk upon his face, an oil-soaked cloak slung over his shoulder, and the keg tied to his back. Regis looked upon him in complete confusion, though he could guess enough of what the dwarf had in mind to be worried for his friend. â€Å"What are ye lookin’ at?† Bruenor said with a wink. â€Å"You are crazy,† Regis replied, Bruenor’s plan coming into clearer focus the longer he studied the dwarf. â€Å"Aye, we agreed on that afore our road e’er began!† snorted Bruenor. He calmed suddenly, the wild glimmer mellowing to a caring concern for his little friend. â€Å"Ye deserve better’n what I’ve given ye, Rumblebelly,† he said, more comfortable than he had ever been in apology. â€Å"Never have I known a more loyal friend than Bruenor Battlehammer,† Regis replied. Bruenor pulled the gem-studded helmet from his head and tossed it to the halfling, confusing Regis even more. He reached around to his back and loosened a strap fastened between his pack and his belt and took out his old helm. He ran a finger over the broken horn, smiling in remembrance of the wild adventures that had given this helm such a battering. Even the dent where Wulfgar had hit him, those years ago, when first they met as enemies. Bruenor put the helm on, more comfortable with its fit, and Regis saw him in the light of old friend. â€Å"Keep the helm safe,† Bruenor told Regis. â€Å"It’s the crown of the King of Mithril Hall!† â€Å"Then it is yours,† Regis argued, holding the crown back out to Bruenor. â€Å"Nay, not by me right or me choice. Mithril Hall is no more, Rumble – Regis. Bruenor of Icewind Dale, I am, and have been for two hundred years, though me head’s too thick to know it! â€Å"Forgive me old bones,† he said. â€Å"Suren me thoughts’ve been walking in me past and me future.† Regis nodded and said with genuine concern, â€Å"What are you going to do?† â€Å"Mind to yer own part in this!† Bruenor snorted, suddenly the snarling leader once more. â€Å"Ye’ll have enough gettin’ yerself from these cursed halls when I’m through!† He growled threateningly at the halfling to keep him back, then moved swiftly, pulling a torch from the wall and dashing through the door to the cavern before Regis could even make a move to stop him. The dragon’s black form skimmed the rim of the gorge, dipping low beneath the bridge and returning to its patrolling level. Bruenor watched it for a few moments to get a feel for the rhythm of its course. â€Å"Yer mine, worm!† he snarled under his breath, and then he charged. â€Å"Here’s one from yer tricks, boy!† he cried at the room holding Wulfgar and Catti-brie. â€Å"But when me mind’s to jumping on the back of a worm, I ain’t about to miss!† â€Å"Bruenor!† Catti-brie screamed when she saw him running out toward the gorge. It was too late. Bruenor put the torch to the oil-soaked cloak and raised his mithril axe high before him. The dragon heard him coming and swerved in closer to the rim to investigate – and was as amazed as the dwarf’s friends when Bruenor, his shoulder and back aflame, leaped from the edge and streaked down upon it. Impossibly strong, as though all of the ghosts of Clan Battlehammer had joined their hands with Bruenor’s upon the weapon handle and lent him their strength, the dwarf’s initial blow drove the mithril axe deep into Shimmergloom’s back. Bruenor crashed down behind, but held fast to the embedded weapon, even though the keg of oil broke apart with the impact and spewed flames all across the monster’s back. Shimmergloom shrieked in outrage and swerved wildly, even crashing into the stone wall of the gorge. Bruenor would not be thrown. Savagely, he grasped the handle, waiting for the opportunity to tear the weapon free and drive it home again. Catti-brie and Regis rushed to the edge of the gorge, helplessly calling out to their doomed friend. Wulfgar, too, managed to drag himself over, still fighting the black depths of despair. When the barbarian looked upon Bruenor, sprawled amid the flames, he roared away the dragon’s spell and, without the slightest hesitation, launched Aegis-fang. The hammer caught Shimmergloom on the side of its head and the dragon swerved again in its surprise, clipping the other wall of the gorge. â€Å"Are ye mad?† Catti-brie yelled at Wulfgar. â€Å"Take up your bow,† Wulfgar told her. â€Å"If a true friend of Bruenor’s you be, then let him not fall in vain!† Aegis-fang returned to his grasp and he launched it again, scoring a second hit. Catti-brie had to accept the reality. She could not save Bruenor from the fate he had chosen. Wulfgar was right – she could aid the dwarf in gaining his desired end. Blinking away the tears that came to her, she took Taulmaril in hand and sent the silver bolts at the dragon. Both Drizzt and Entreri watched Bruenor’s leap in utter amazement. Cursing his helpless position, Drizzt surged ahead, nearly to the rim. He shouted out for his remaining friends, but in the commotion, and with the roaring of the dragon, they could not hear. Entreri was directly below him. The assassin knew that his last chance was upon him, though he risked losing the only challenge he had ever found in this life. As Drizzt scrambled for his next hold, Entreri grabbed his ankle and pulled him down. * * * Oil found its way in through the seams in Shimmergloom’s scales, carrying the fire to the dragon flesh. The dragon cried out from a pain it never believed it could know. The thud of the warhammer! The constant sting of those streaking lines of silver! And the dwarf! Relentless in his attacks, somehow oblivious to the fires. Shimmergloom tore along the length of the gorge, dipping suddenly, then swooping back up and rolling over and about. Catti-brie’s arrows found it at every turn. And Wulfgar, wiser with each of his strikes, sought the best opportunities to throw the warhammer, waiting for the dragon to cut by a rocky outcropping in the wall, then driving the monster into the stone with the force of his throw. Flames, stone, and dust flew wildly with each thunderous impact. Bruenor held on. Singing out to his father and his kin beyond that, the dwarf absolved himself of his guilt, content that he had satisfied the ghosts of his past and given his friends a chance for survival. He didn’t feel the bite of the fire, nor the bump of stone. All he felt was the quivering of the dragon flesh below his blade, and the reverberations of Shimmergloom’s agonized cries. * * * Drizzt tumbled down the face of the gorge, desperately scrambling for some hold. He slammed onto a ledge twenty feet below the assassin and managed to stop his descent. Entreri nodded his approval and his aim, for the drow had landed just where he had hoped. â€Å"Farewell, trusting fool!† he called down to Drizzt and he started up the wall. Drizzt never had trusted in the assassin’s honor, but he had believed in Entreri’s pragmatism. This attack made no practical sense. â€Å"Why?† he called back to Entreri. â€Å"You could have had the pendant without recourse! â€Å"The gem is mine,† Entreri replied. â€Å"But not without a price!† Drizzt declared. â€Å"You know that I will come after you, assassin!† Entreri looked down at him with an amused grin. â€Å"Do you not understand, Drizzt Do’Urden? That is exactly the purpose!† The assassin quickly reached the rim, and peered above it. To his left, Wulfgar and Catti-brie continued their assault on the dragon. To his right, Regis stood enamored of the scene, completely unaware. The halfling’s surprise was complete, his face blanching in terror, when his worst nightmare rose up before him. Regis dropped the gem-studded helm and went limp with fear as Entreri silently picked him up and started for the bridge. * * * Exhausted, the dragon tried to find another method of defense. Its rage and pain had carried it too far into the battle, though. It had taken too many hits, and still the silver streaks bit into it again and again. Still the tireless dwarf twisted and pounded the axe into its back. One last time the dragon cut back in mid-flight, trying to snake its neck around so that it could at least take vengeance upon the cruel dwarf. It hung motionless for just a split second, and Aegis-fang took it in the eye. The dragon rolled over in blinded rage, lost in a dizzying swirl of pain, headlong into a jutting portion of the wall. The explosion rocked the very foundations of the cavern, nearly knocking Catti-brie from her feet and Drizzt from his precarious perch. One final image came to Bruenor, a sight that made his heart leap one more time in victory: the piercing gaze of Drizzt Do’Urden’s lavender eyes bidding him farewell from the darkness of the wall. Broken and beaten, the flames consuming it, the dragon of darkness glided and spun, descending into the deepest blackness it would ever know, a blackness from which there could be no return. The depths of Garumn’s Gorge. And bearing with it the rightful King of Mithril Hall. How to cite Streams of Silver 23. The Broken Helm, Essay examples

Alfred Nobel Essay Example For Students

Alfred Nobel Essay The inventor of dynamite was a very important roll to take part in. The ultimate inventor of it was a mane named Alfred Nobel. Before dynamite, miners had to use nitrogen to blow holes in rock and other things. However it is too volatile and can explode incredibly easily. Alfred changed all this. nbsp;Alfred Nobel was born on October 21st 1833 in Stockholm. He studied their until1842 when his family moved to St. Petersburg in Russia. Since his father was an influential inventor and industrialist the family moved from country to country. Alfred gained the fluency in 5 different languages, Swedish, Russian, English, French, and German, but was always proud of his Swedish Background. In his teens his father sent him to learn chemistry in France. He gained interest in explosive nitroglycerin. And studied until he founded the first ever nitroglycerin factory in the world, but found it was too volatile to work with, and too many miners were dying using it. He began experimenting on how to control the substance. He wanted something that could absorb the nitroglycerin and not still have the same power. He Found that a substance called Kieselguhr. This substance consisted of (diatomeus earth) marine organisms diatoms. This way the explosive could be transported easily and detonated from a safe distance. It saved laves and time. He would name it Dynamite and got a patent for it in 1867. Throughout his life he had poor health but was not worried about it because he expected many advances in medicine. He once experimented with his theories on blood transfusions. These attempts failed and was back on with his chemistry. From an early age Alfred had written and read quite a bit and he had very good writing skills. He wrote many poems and even a play or two only to destroy almost all of them. By his death in 1896 he had established companies in some ninety locations in twenty countries and earned over SEK 31.5 million. His will was made by himself with no legal help because he learned in the past not to like or trust lawyers. Almost all of his money was to be divided into five equal parts and distributed in the form or prizes to those who during the preceding year have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. Physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. His family had many rejections to this but it still went through. It is sure that Alfred Nobel contributed a great deal to chemistry and the world and has a large diversity of achievements. He lived an unhealthy life only to live a healthy afterlife. Many people will benefit from the Nobel prizes including such people as Mother Theresa and Ernest Rutherford. It is a good deed and will keep the human race alive just a little longer if people are this smart.

The history of sitcoms Essay Example

The history of sitcoms Paper My Family are immediately recognised as an upper middle-class family, as they are typical of West London, the soft underbelly of the South. The sofa and living room are used as the main setting in both of these 2 sitcoms, but the way that props and cameras are positioned further reinforces their different social classes. The Royles cramped living room is shown at awkward angles and no windows or open spaces are shown. This gives the impression of a pokey terraced house. The living room of My Family is airy and spacious, a wide area of it being shown and lots of carefully placed ornaments and windows. The Simpsons is also a working class family, whose standards lie between those of the two extremes; My Family and The Royle Family. The big difference, however, is that The Simpsons is set in a fictional area of America Springfield. As with the two English sitcoms, the living room is the main scene, but more of the outside world is explored than in My Family or The Royles, which are both quite inward. OCCUPATION: In this sense, the Simpsons and My Family are more conventional in work than the Royle Family. Ben and Homer the men of the families, both earn money for the rest of their family with quite advanced jobs (Ben works as a white-collar dentist and Homer as a blue-collar nuclear power plant controller). However, Jim, (the leading male of the Royles), is unemployed. His wife Barbara is the main earner, a blue-collar worker in a bakery. Both of the other women are between jobs, although sometimes Susan works as a tourguide, and rely on their husbands as a main source of income. Each of the three sitcoms have at least one child in school. We will write a custom essay sample on The history of sitcoms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The history of sitcoms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The history of sitcoms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Bart and Lisa, the child characters of The Simpsons, are young and both attend primary school. Anthony of the Royles and Michael of My Family are the only child characters of these two sitcoms, and are in secondary school. Another similarity in occupations is that one character in all three sitcoms stays at home; The Simpsons baby Maggie, My Familys unemployed son Nick, and the retired Nana Royle. PRODUCTION BACKGROUND / AUDIENCE READINGS All three sitcoms are now shown on the BBC channels, but originally they were made in very different ways. My Family, the most recent of the three, was first shown in 2000, and was written as a BBC in-house production. The Royle family debuted in 1998 as a Granada production and The Simpsons, which first started out as 48 shorts in a separate program, first made its appearance as an independent sitcom in 1987, on American television. It is a C20th Fox Production. The Simpsons and MY Family are designed to appeal to the whole family, and are thus shown pre-watershed time. They are shown on mainstream channels, and entertain with more than one genre of comedy to suit children and adults alike. The Simpsons is probably the most widely enjoyed of the three, as it is a cartoon so it relates most to children, without losing out on adult viewers. The Royle family, however, appeals to a much more specified genre of people. It is shown late at night, and is put in the alternative comedy slot along with programs like Alan Partridge and The Office. Although its audience is small, the Royle Family has developed a loyal cult following with its unconventional situations and controversial humour. Some aspects of production, however, are true to all 3 sitcoms. An example of this is the inclusion of well-known actors. In each sitcom this is done for different reasons. Ricky Tomlinson and Sue Johnston play the Royle Familys Barbara and Jim. This adds to the realism of the sitcom as these actors previously acted the realistic soap Brookside. The producers of MY Family have included a well-known cast aswell, for example Zoi Wanamaker starred in Harry Potter. The reason for this is to boost My Familys ratings and make it more popular. Adding familiar faces causes more people to relate to the sitcom. The producer of the Simpsons uses celebrities to add humour. As this sitcom is a cartoon, caricatures and deliberately bad voice-overs can be used to make the sitcom funnier to watch. CREDITS/TITLE SEQUENCE Each sitcom introduces their characters by showing them in their typical environments. Both the Simpsons and The Royle Family include the couch scene in their opening sequences, this Simpsons including originality by showing a different humorous sofa scene every time. My Family, however, ends their title sequence more conventionally, showing a family portrait of the characters. All three-title sequences are accompanied by music. The Simpsons and My Family are both introduced to an upbeat theme tune, whereas the Royles dreary Oasis song immediately sets the depressing mood. The lyrics, half the world away, suggest the Royle Families cut off, inward status from the outside world. Also, the Royle family uses black and white shots to complement this mood, whereas Simpsons and My Family are less explorative, shooting their credits and title sequence in colour. TYPES: Generic characteristics have been shown since the start of sitcoms MY Family, The Royle Family and The Simpsons being no exception. This point is most clearly portrayed in the men of the families. This point is most clearly portrayed in the men of the families. Ben of My Family is arrogant, cynical and delusional, and holds the dominant place in the family, as does Homer Simpson. Homer is blundering, immature and stupid, yet still a character that audiences sympathise with. The Royle Family is probably the odd-one-out, with its leading male Jim. Jim is seen mostly on the sofa watching television, therefore in that sense he is domesticated, and he also doesnt work, unlike the men of most sitcoms. Subtle role reversal is used with Jim and his wife Barbara, for uniqueness and humour. However, he is the dominant person of the household, as he has his own particular seat on the sofa whereas the other family members dont, and also has permanent possession of the remote control. These two characteristics are needed to establish Jim to the audience as the head-of-the-house man. The women of these 3 sitcoms also share generic characteristics. They are all domesticated, and hold their families together, but some of their traits are very different. Marge Simpson is a typical affectionate mother; she cleans, tidies, cooks for and looks after her children (and husband), trying to make hers the perfect family. She is also seen as the stereotypical nagging housewife, her discerning moaning acting as her motif throughout shows. Barbara, of the Royle Family, also cares for her family, but in a different way; she goes out to work. Given this, she is less domesticated than Marge, spending more time socializing with her family or working than cooking and cleaning. It could be said that she tries harder to hold her deficient family together, as she has the burden of an idle husband and immature yet adult children, and doesnt moan about it. This is effective as Barbara is a character that the audience will sympathise with and respect. Susan, of My Family, has very little maternal or loving characteristics and therefore doesnt make a very strong bond with the audience. She is not very domesticated, as she often states she cannot cook, and also she is more the head of the household than Ben, instructing her children and husband on what and what not to do. The fact that she works also takes any maternal nature out of her character, and her sarcastic, tempestuous and sometimes-immature nature is used to get laughter from the audience rather than to make a bond with them. In fact, there is no palpable affection shown between any of the rest of the Archer family either. Every character contains an element of sarcasm, and the main entertainment from My Family comes from The Families ridicule and general intolerance of one another. One thing that most sitcoms have in common is the inclusion of one normal voice a character that possesses no prominent qualities. This is effective in keeping some reality to a sitcom especially if in all other aspect its is unlikely that any of its situations would happen.

Learn How to Conjugate Gagner (to Win) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Gagner (to Win) in French French verbs tend to be a challenge for students. While the conjugations of  gagner  are rather common, remembering that it means to win or to earn is a bit more difficult. Yet, by the time youre done learning how to conjugate  gagner  to mean won or will earn, it will be implanted in your memory. Conjugating the French Verb  Gagner Gagner  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. In fact, the majority of French verbs use the same endings youll learn here and that makes each new one just a little easier to remember. Whenever we begin a conjugation, its important to recognize the verb stem. In this case, its  gagn-. With that bit of knowledge, we can add a variety of endings that match both the subject pronoun and the tense of the sentence. For instance, I am winning is je gagne and we will win is nous gagnerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je gagne gagnerai gagnais tu gagnes gagneras gagnais il gagne gagnera gagnait nous gagnons gagnerons gagnions vous gagnez gagnerez gagniez ils gagnent gagneront gagnaient The Present Participle of  Gagner The  present participle  of  gagner  is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem, giving us  gagnant. Its a very useful word that stretches beyond the verb usage. You may also find it helpful as an adjective, gerund, or noun. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common past tense form used in French. To construct it, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  gagnà ©. For example, I won is jai gagnà © and we earned is nous avons gagnà ©. More Simple  Gagner  Conjugations to Learn While those forms of  gagner  are most important, there are a few more conjugations you should consider learning. In conversation, for instance, you can imply a degree of uncertainty or dependency by using either the subjunctive verb mood or the conditional. If you read a lot of French, you will encounter the passà © simple. Likewise, the imperfect  subjunctive is a literary tense and its a good idea to be able to recognize these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je gagne gagnerais gagnai gagnasse tu gagnes gagnerais gagnas gagnasses il gagne gagnerait gagna gagnt nous gagnions gagnerions gagnmes gagnassions vous gagniez gagneriez gagntes gagnassiez ils gagnent gagneraient gagnrent gagnassent To use  gagner  in short statements, use the imperative form and skip the subject pronoun. Instead of tu gagne, use gagne alone. Imperative (tu) gagne (nous) gagnons (vous) gagnez

Evaluate the changes in Israeli policy towards the Palestinians and Essay

Evaluate the changes in Israeli policy towards the Palestinians and account for the recognition it finally gave the PLO in 1993 - Essay Example The various wars and terrorism has made Israel adopt harsh security and military measures against the Palestinians. The emergence of the PLO as a rallying point for Palestinians gave Israel a chance to change their policy toward negotiations, instead of harsh security and military measures. Different Israeli Prime Ministers have created and implemented policy towards the Palestinians. Golda Meir, Yitzhak Rabin, and Ariel Sharon have all had unique views and policies toward the Palestinians. The Palestinians react to the policies, then the Israelis respond to their reactions through their elections of Prime Ministers. This paper will describe and evaluate Israeli policy towards Palestinians. It will also discuss why the PLO was an important factor in these policies changing, the reason for recognizing the PLO, and if recognizing and negotiating with the PLO changed the situation in Israel and the Occupied Territories. Before World War I, most of the Middle East, including Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire for around five hundred years. Due to the oppression of the Ottomans towards the residents of Palestine, the Palestinians fought for the Allies in World War I in the hopes of liberation (Fraser, 1980, p. 2). At the end of World War I, the British occupied Palestine under the British Mandate of Palestine. During the British Mandate of Palestine, Jews started immigrating into Palestine rapidly. From the beginning, the Jews had a policy against the native Palestinians. When the Jews started coming to Palestine, they began buying land and forming communities. However, due to persecution in their former countries, the Jews created close communities. This resulted in farms, industries, and businesses for Jews only. The Jews prohibited the employment of the Arabs, which upset the local population (Lesch, and Tschirgi, 1980, p. 51). The policy of â€Å"Jew only† communities

Child Labor in Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Child Labor in Egypt - Essay Example Failure of observing ethical stipulations may lead to the incidences of taboos, a common element in the incidents of ethical based violations. However, the task of establishing personal ethics is rather demanding. This is with regards to the essence of ethics in an individual’s life. Adoption of appropriate ethical perceptions is a demand that is laid to the person by his or her immediate community. This makes ethics seem inclusive of an expectation, as well as the desire to protect ones perception of life. Ethical beliefs are regularly challenged, especially during the address of various aggressions in the daily lour daily lives (DiMauro, 2006). Our success in the address of these challenges implies a positive or an impressive performance of our ethical beliefs. The development of successful ethical trends is based on various attributes of our daily lives (Bernardin, 2008). Amongst the factors that contributed in the improvement of my ethical perception includes the influence attributed to my family. A family is central in the up bring of any child. It forms an integral part of our lives. My family contributed grossly towards my adaptation of various perceptions of life. This was achieved via both discipline and emulation. While growing up, I emulated the senior members of my family with regards to addressing the challenges that I encountered in my daily undertaking. I learnt to reason along their perception, and solve a situation via the sourced lessons. My parents played a central role n moderating my ethical perceptions. They established the expected pathway along which I was anticipated to establish them. In addition, they imposed strict regulations on behaviours that prompted the violation of these measures. This eventuated into my possession of a set of ethical beliefs along which I developed the rest of my ethical perception. The rest of the contributors of my personal belief includes the guidance from

Individual Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Individual Case Study Analysis - Essay Example Such problems arise between foreign exchange workers and local supervisors and organizations, with psychological, and personal value implications. The Assistant Language Teachers (ALTs) from the UK, US and Canada have come into conflict with a supervisor and alienation from the staff at the Soto Board of Education, in the course of their service under the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Program. There are a number of contributory causes on both sides, having to do with the expectations and perceptions of JET participants and those of the supervisor. A lack of understanding and appreciation of cross-cultural differences, failure of group formation, and misconceptions in decision making processes, are sought to be remedied by supervisory support, program modifications, and clarification of expectations, intended to diminish the adverse effects of these circumstances. 2.0 Introduction – The Case Situation Kelly, a Canadian, had been working for six months at the Soto Board of E ducation office in Japan as an Assistance Language Teacher (ALT). She is one of four ALTs, the other three being from the US, the UK, and another from Canada. The main complaint of the four was the breach of their work contracts when the reduction of their vacation leave credits for those days they were ill, which should have instead been properly deducted out of their sick leaves. This event was only the most recent in a progression of other incidents, which generally involve the imposition by the group’s supervisor, Mr. Higashi, of his unilateral decisions on the working conditions and assignments of the four ALTs. Mr. Higashi’s orders were apparently inconsistent with the stipulations of the Contract of English Teaching Engagement under which the ALTs were employed, and were felt by them to be attempts to intimidate them into complying with the more onerous work ethic customary of the typical Japanese worker (Lewicki, et al., 2003). 3.0 Relevant decision and issues The relevant decision to be made is: What steps should upper management take to relieve the periodic tensions between ALTs and their Japanese supervisor and create greater symbiosis between them, in order to achieve the goals of the JET? The relevant issues to be discussed are the following: (1) Personal values and culture; and (2) Psychology of the JET supervisor (the decision maker) 4.0 Analysis 4.1 Requisite to comply with the JET contract At the outset, it should be clarified that Mr. Higashi may not arbitrarily assign absences due to illnesses to vacation leave credits because (a) Article 12 Section 1 of the contract defines the sick leave as the holiday properly for the purpose of illness or injury; and (b) vacation leave may only be granted upon the election of the JET participant (in this case, the ALTs); it should be applied for by the participant at least three days in advance, pursuant to Article 11 Section 2. Nowhere in the contract does it state that a supervisor may un ilaterally apply vacation leaves at his own discretion. The ALTs must therefore be

The Types And Definitions Of Stigma

The Types And Definitions Of Stigma Stigma is a Greek word meaning mark, cut or burn into the skin, to identify criminal slaves as polluted and shunned in public. However, in a simple term stigma are classed as being represented for persons who are usually excluded from society due to a condition they themselves did not choose or over which they may have little control over, thus suffer from existential stigma; such as sexual identity, mental retardation or even in such cases, marital status. Moreover, there are other cases whereby a person may experience some sort of achieved stigma to which he or she have somehow contributed to their inclusion in a stigmatized group. Such form of stigma could range from homelessness, immigration, achievement or prostitution. Unsurprisingly, many of us fall into at least one of any categories (some not mentioned) yet no one seems to be accepted from association of some stigmatized group. In sociology term Erving Guffman described stigma as an attribute, behaviour or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way. Guffman also defined the meaning of the word stigma as a special gap between vital social identity and actual social identity. Guffmans meaning on vital social identity relates to the way we represent ourselves with people we dont see and for is take on actual social identity he explains it as the way we deal with people in real life. Social Stigma Guffman named abomination of the body (physical deformities) as a character (dishonesty, mental disorder, and homosexuality) tribal (race, sex, religion) as the three types of stigma. In the case of abomination of the body people living with the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) are venerable to stigmatisation; this is because our society has built up our perception to live in fear and to regard such virus as a fatal sin. Unsurprisingly, in this modern day people live in the fear that being around someone living with HIV virus enhances the chances of them being contaminated by them. Some have the belief that the virus is contagious by being around or sharing a cup from the person affected with the virus will virus. Generally the forms of stigmatization usually associated with HIV are groups of people such as homosexuals, ethnic minority such as Black people and drug users, as they believe such groups are the ones who carry the virus around due to the kinds of activities they pursue or the way they live their lives. Possibly in some case you may find that are person within this group requiring medical assistance for whatever reason leads to negative impacts towards their care and health. In some cases you may find that individuals that are infected with the virus are more often shun by families and friends, forcing them to move from their home and sometimes suffer from physical violence or in some extreme cases are even murdered. Unfortunately this is quite evident in third world countries, whereby HIV patients may encounter difficulties and are denied health care, employment and the ability to move from one country to another. In such situation, this fear of stigma causes those affected to ignore sickness test to determine whether they are affected and require treatments, consequently deciding to remain silent about the virus, leading to them being denied the essential treatment and social care. In the long run they eventually deteriorate painfully. Mental Stigma Drug addiction, alcoholism impressments are mental illnesses that relates to all part of the character of being stigmatised. This is down to the individual being dishonest. Personally I believe the media plays a vital role in people suffering from mental illness in to being stigmatized, as I am lead to believe they allow it to happen through the negative views they air out to the public. For people that suffer this mental illness really goes out of their way to commit gruesome crime, whilst a majority of mental illness patients live a quiet and peaceful life others experience something of an unimaginable life, which merely cause them to their death. We learn about this disease in rare cases when a person may decide to discuses their experiences with others. Within some families this is kept as a taboo, as to not allowing other families to discover that a member of a family suffers from mental illness whether it be alcoholic or any other forms of mental difficulty. Such situations are avoided due to what is said or written in the media that becomes their perception of what mental illness means. Whenever we hear about gruesome crimes being linked to mental illness we tend to gain a stronger stigma surroundings mental illness. It is also common for people with this disease to be an easy target for criminals as mental illness interferes with the sufferer ability to socialise with people, thus leaving them unaware, vulnerable and careless of their surroundings; not forgetting homeless. At times such stigmatised group may experience difficulties of having no access to jobs, education and sometimes even a home. As Bill Clinton once said mental illness is nothing to be ashamed of, but stigma and bias shame us all Physical Stigma Tribal is another form of stigma, which can be in the form of race, sex or religion. A good example of such stigma would be the albino race for instance; a hereditary condition caused by the lack of pigmentation (melanin) which leaves the skin whiter. As like Black (and other ethnic minorities) may experience some form of stigmatisation within their lifetime. Albinos, just like many other races may usually find it difficult, living within society. Sadly, albinism in Africa for instance is widely regarded as a form of deformity, for reasons that are non-explanatory. Living as an albino in such country is horrifying, as such race are treated like outcasts, and are made to feel as an underdogs; unable to find jobs. Undoubtedly they are made to feel unwelcome in such community and are very much rejected by their own people. Living in Africa, in many cases you will mostly find albino women end up being single parents because, as most man in some African countries believe in the perception that albino women will have albino children, and also believe that by sleeping with an albino woman they will end with the HIV virus for some reason or another. Which is why you will most likely find albino women dropping out of school due to the immense discriminated, therefore in many cases they may end up selling fruits in the streets due to the lack of education they may have received. As you can imagine, albino children find it hard adjusting to school life, as they are frequently picked upon, cursed at and most times ends up at home with no education to look forward to. Albinism in Africa is regarded as a curse from God (BBC News), a type of stigmatisation that sometimes leads to an unimaginative future as an individual. Physical stigma Obese individuals face different forms of discrimination and prejudice, one of the mostly commonly known stigmatisation. Men as well as Women are faced with such condition due to the way they look as suppose to an average size body, whereby usually in some cases a diet is regarded as a cure to overcome such physical deformity. People suffering from such stigmatisation would tend experience refusal of being hired on a job, and in extreme cases being told to pay for two (rather than one) seats on an airline in order to travel. Attitudes of obese people have become more stigmatised, so much so that people feel it is one that can be excused, of telling someone they are worthless because of their weight. Stigmatizing on weight has become so common that someone has even commented on the heavier a person is on an airline means that that they require more fuel to take the required weight. Unfortunately most people never seem to realize that a weight of a heavy person is linked to uncontrolled heath problems, but usually have a strong belief that it is due to the persons fault; and the person lacks exercise and eats far too much than required. An obsess individual experiencing stigma would no doubt go through life being referred to as either ugly, unattractive or awkward and that it is the personal responsibility of the individual of not being in such a way . Unknown to most, such stigma leads to the obsess individual of gaining even more weight due to the intense stress such person way go through, and by this I mean; they way find that the lack of courage may enhance such weight to be added on. You would usually find that the higher a persons body mass is then the less respect they may gain from society, some would even go as far as telling you that sitting next to an obsess person is a shame and a sickening though because they are perceived as unclean and smelly people, who are unable to wash and look after themselves. No matter what anyone may think, fat stigma affects everyones health, fat, thin or in between. Recently a story was told of how an overweight teenage girl whose school was going through a wellness campaign. Hallways were plastered with posters saying Prevent teenage obesity. After the posters went up, the girl said, schoolmates began taunting her in the halls, pointing at the obese girl on the posters and saying, Look at the fat girl. The moral to this story is that heavier girls at the school were now made to feel conscious about what they consumed, yet the thinner girls were able to eat there choice of lunch without the aid of some snide nasty and disrespectful comment, even if the lunch were similar to the children deemed to be the heaviest. Stigmatization gave the thinner children permission to think theres something wrong with the larger children, which doesnt help them look at their own health habits either. In Goffmans theory of stigma he distinguishes three categories; the own, the wise and the normal (Guffman 1963). He describes the own as a group that represent stigmatized society. the wise in Guffman term are people who assign stigma and feels that life is better to them with few complains. Whereas the normal are people with empathy towards others and therefore help them fit into society.

What is Love? Essay -- Papers Definition Love Marriage Loving Essays

What is Love? Love: What is it? Love, what is it? To many people love means many things. To others, to love is to place their happiness in one another. Others love can be how they feel about that special someone. I'm not talking about the fatherly love or that motherly love. I'm talking about the love that you feel towards someone. That special someone that you could possibly spend the rest of your life with. Webster defines love as a strong feeling of attraction resulting from sexual desire; enthusiasm or fondness. But to me love is not just a feeling, but it is the way that you treat that special someone that you care for. Treating them so kindly so they'll know you care and love them. Love in my eyes, is making that sacrifice for someone, knowing that you might regret it sooner or later. Love is how you make another person feel when you are in their presence. Love is the laughter that you share, the time you spend, and the relationship that you build with that special someone. Many people show or express their love for someone in many and different ways. For instance, there was an ancient Egyptian Poem that captivated my attention. While I was reading the poem it made me realize how more people view love the same way as I do. The poem is named "Love, how I'd love to slip down to the pond." In the poem there were lines that helped me realize that love is not what you say, it is what you do. And in the poem there was a line that stood out far from the rest. It said, "Just for you I'd wear my new Memphis swimsuit, made of sheer linen, fit for a queen- Come see how it looks in the water". Not caring about how she looks to others or how foolish she might feel, she entices her mate with a swimsuit that when w... ...itten by Chung Tzu there is a pome numbered 22 in the text. Part of it reads: Of fair girls the prettiest Gave me a red flute. The flush of that red flute Is pleasure at the girl's beauty. She has Been in the pastures and brought for me rush-wool, Very beautiful and rare. It is not you that are beautiful; But you were given by a lovely girl. In my opinion the moral of the poem is not to cherish what is given to you, but cherish the thought and sincerity of the person. Material items can be lost, broken, or even stolen. But when you see it as an action of ones emotion, the thought of that item ant the person who gave it to you will live on forever. Patterson 5 Today, many people have different out looks and perspectives about love and that what it is or what it should be. But you can't truly love any one until you answer that funny little question? Love: What is it?